Remarks#

LaTeX

What is LaTeX?

LaTeX (pronounced lay-tech or lah-tekh) is a markup language for typesetting documents similar to how HTML is one for web sites.

LaTeX has advantages over What-You-See-Is-What-You-Get (WYSIWYG) editors such as Microsoft Word because with LaTeX you provide the content, and LaTeX takes care of the layout. Separation of content from typesetting results in documents that are consistently and beautifully formatted. Furthermore, because LaTeX markup is of plain text format (unlike more complex file formats produced by WYSIWYG editors, like .docx), LaTeX files are lightweight and can be easily kept under version control.

LaTeX documents are typically compiled to PDF files so that consistency in layout is retained across different viewers, and for printing.

LaTeX is especially popular in academic writing due to its rich support for typesetting equations, cross-referencing figures and tables, and citations and bibliographies.

Versions#

Installation and Setup

You can choose between major distributions of LaTeX:

• TeX Live (Windows, Linux, and OS X), the standard, cross-platform distribution.
• MacTeX (Mac) A packaged version of TeX Live made for OS X with some Mac-specific tools
• MiKTeX (Windows) A separate distribution entirely that

All distributions are more or less equivalent in an ideal world. TeX Live has the advantage of being available on all platforms and thus has much better community support. MiKTeX can take advantage of Windows-specific features. For licensing reasons, MiKTeX will also distribute a few packages that TeX Live will not.

In all cases, the full install is recommended. Specifically, using MiKTeX’s download-on-command feature will hang/crash many editors.

Installation

Windows (TeXLive)

1. Download the most recent TeXLive install-tl-windows.exe from their website.
2. Run install-tl-windows.exe and follow the instructions.

Windows (MiKTeX)

1. Download the most recent MiKTeX installer from their website.
2. Run the installer and follow the instructions.

Mac OS X (TeXLive)

1. Download the most recent MacTeX from their website.
2. Run MacTeX.pkg and follow the instructions.

Linux (TeXLive)

Linux users have two options:

1. Install via your distribution’s package manager (usually several releases behind)
2. Install from upstream (released yearly, updated often)

Using Package Managers

• Arch Linux: pacman -S texlive-most
• Debian/Ubuntu/Mint: apt-get install texlive-full
• Fedora: yum install texlive

Note that using this method means that you will be dependent on that package’s maintainer for the distribution for updates. These packages will often be several releases behind the most recent distribution, often meaning critical updates will be missing. It’s almost always best to install from upstream. Also note that the distribution’s package manager will probably not recognize the direct installation and could try to install it when one installs other related support packages.

Installing from Upstream

1. Download the most recent TeXLive install-tl-unx.tar.gz from their website.

2. Extract the files from the archive with tar -zxvf install-tl-unx.tar.gz.

3. Change into the downloaded folder with cd install-tl-unx.

4. Run ./install-tl and follow the instructions.

   TeXLive should now be installed under /usr/local/texlive/YEAR/, where YEAR is the four digit year (e.g. 2016). In this way, it is possible to have multiple TeXLive versions alongside each other and switch between them by changing your PATH variable.

   Open this folder and check the bin folder. It should contain a subfolder, which (depending on your platform) will be something like i386-linux or x86_64-linux.

5. Add the TeX Live binary folder to your path with

   EXPORT PATH=/usr/local/texlive/YEAR/bin/PLATFORM:$PATH

   where YEAR is the four digit year (e.g. 2016), and PLATFORM is your platform (e.g. x86_64-linux).

Test Installation

The LaTeX installation is now complete. To test it, create a new file with your favorite text editor, name it test.tex and add the following content:

\documentclass{article}
\begin{document}
  Hello World!
\end{document}

Now, open the console or terminal, navigate to the folder where you saved test.tex and run

pdflatex test

(Note that your editor may have facilities to run this for you.)

This creates several new files, including test.pdf. This is the output document, and looks like this:

Congratulations, you have successfully installed LaTeX, and created your first LaTeX document!

LaTeX Editors

While you can create LaTeX documents using any editor and compiling using the console, there exist several plugins for widely used editors to simplify creating LaTeX documents, and there are specialized LaTeX editors. An exhaustive list of LaTeX editors is available on TeX.SE (the StackExchange site, dedicated to TeX, LaTeX & Friends).

The most widely used editors, according to this list, are:

• The Emacs editor with the AUCTeX extension.
• The Vim editor with the LaTeX-suite plugin.
• Texmaker – a specialized LaTeX IDE.
• TeXstudio – another LaTeX IDE.
• TeXworks – one more LaTeX IDE.

While experienced users of Emacs or Vim may want to stick to their editor (whose plugins provide a host of functionality unavailable elsewhere), a specialized IDE might be easier to install/use for beginners. The last three on the list have a preview function where one can see the results of the compilation of the document.

Additionally, there are online LaTeX tools that can be of use to beginners or people that must collaborate, e.g. ShareLaTeX and Overleaf.