Visual Basic .NET Language

ByVal and ByRef keywords

ByVal keyword

ByVal keyword before method parameter (or no keyword as ByVal is assumed by default) says that parameter will be sent in a way not allowing the method to change (assign a new value) the variable underlying the parameter.
It doesn’t prevent the content (or state) of the argument to be changed if it’s a class.

Class SomeClass
    Public Property Member As Integer
End Class

Module Program
    Sub Main()
        Dim someInstance As New SomeClass With {.Member = 42}

        Foo (someInstance)
        ' here someInstance is not Nothing (still the same object)
        ' but someInstance.Member is -42 (internal state can still be changed)

        Dim number As Integer = 42
        Foo(number)
        ' here number is still 42
    End Sub

    Sub Foo(ByVal arg As SomeClass)
        arg.Member = -arg.Member ' change argument content
        arg = Nothing ' change (re-assign) argument
    End Sub    

    Sub Foo(arg As Integer) ' No ByVal or ByRef keyword, ByVal is assumed
        arg = -arg
    End Sub
End Module

ByRef keyword

ByRef keyword before method parameter says that parameter will be sent in a way allowing the method to change (assign a new value) the variable underlying the parameter.

Class SomeClass
    Public Property Member As Integer
End Class

Module Program
    Sub Main()
        Dim someInstance As New SomeClass With {.Member = 42}
    
        Foo (someInstance)
        ' here someInstance is not Nothing
        ' but someInstance.Member is -42

        Bar(someInstance)
        ' here someInstance is Nothing
    End Sub

    Sub Foo(ByVal arg As SomeClass)
        arg.Member = -arg.Member ' change argument content
        arg = Nothing ' change (re-assign) argument
    End Sub

    Sub Bar(ByRef param As Integer)
        arg.Member = -arg.Member ' change argument content
        arg = Nothing ' change (re-assign) argument
    End Sub
End Module

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