References

Defining a reference

References behaves similarly, but not entirely like const pointers. A reference is defined by suffixing an ampersand & to a type name.

int i = 10;
int &refi = i;

Here, refi is a reference bound to i.
References abstracts the semantics of pointers, acting like an alias to the underlying object:

refi = 20; // i = 20;

You can also define multiple references in a single definition:

int i = 10, j = 20;
int &refi = i, &refj = j;

// Common pitfall :
// int& refi = i, k = j;
// refi will be of type int&.
// though, k will be of type int, not int&!

References must be initialized correctly at the time of definition, and cannot be modified afterwards. The following piece of codes causes a compile error:

int &i; // error: declaration of reference variable 'i' requires an initializer

You also cannot bind directly a reference to nullptr, unlike pointers:

int *const ptri = nullptr;
int &refi = nullptr; // error: non-const lvalue reference to type 'int' cannot bind to a temporary of type 'nullptr_t'

C++ References are Alias of existing variables

A Reference in C++ is just an Alias or another name of a variable. Just like most of us can be referred using our passport name and nick name.

References doesn’t exist literally and they don’t occupy any memory. If we print the address of reference variable it will print the same address as that of the variable its referring to.

int main() {
    int i = 10;
    int &j = i;
    
    cout<<&i<<endl;
    cout<<&b<<endl;
    return 0;
}

In the above example, both cout will print the same address. The situation will be same if we take a variable as a reference in a function

void func (int &fParam ) {
   cout<<"Address inside function => "<<fParam<<endl;
}

int main() {
    int i = 10;
    cout<<"Address inside Main => "<<&i<<endl;    

    func(i);

    return 0;
}

In this example also, both cout will print the same address.

As we know by now that C++ References are just alias, and for an alias to be created, we need to have something which the Alias can refer to.

That’s the precise reason why the statement like this will throw a compiler error

int &i;

Because, the alias is not referring to anything.