Loops

Syntax#

for (<initializer>; <loop condition>; <loop statement>) { <statements> }
while (<condition>) { <statements> }
do { <statements> } while (<condition>);
foreach (<el>, <collection>)
foreach_reverse (<el>, <collection>)

Remarks#

for loop in Programming in D, specification
while loop in Programming in D, specification
do while loop in Programming in D, specification
foreach in Programming in D, opApply, specification

You can play with loops and foreach online.

For loop

void main()
{
    import std.stdio : writeln;
    int[] arr = [1, 3, 4];
    for (int i = 0; i < arr.length; i++)
    {
        arr[i] *= 2;
    }
    writeln(arr); // [2, 6, 8]
}

While loop

void main()
{
    import std.stdio : writeln;
    int[] arr = [1, 3, 4];
    int i = 0;
    while (i < arr.length)
    {
        arr[i++] *= 2;
    }
    writeln(arr); // [2, 6, 8]
}

do-while

void main()
{
    import std.stdio : writeln;
    int[] arr = [1, 3, 4];
    int i = 0;
    assert(arr.length > 0, "Array must contain at least one element");
    do
    {
        arr[i++] *= 2;
    } while (i < arr.length);
    writeln(arr); // [2, 6, 8]
}

Foreach

Foreach allows a less error-prone and better readable way to iterate collections. The attribute ref can be used if we want to directly modify the iterated element.

void main()
{
    import std.stdio : writeln;
    int[] arr = [1, 3, 4];
    foreach (ref el; arr)
    {
        el *= 2;
    }
    writeln(arr); // [2, 6, 8]
}

The index of the iteration can be accessed too:

void main()
{
    import std.stdio : writeln;
    int[] arr = [1, 3, 4];
    foreach (i, el; arr)
    {
        arr[i] = el * 2;
    }
    writeln(arr); // [2, 6, 8]
}

Iteration in reverse order is possible too:

void main()
{
    import std.stdio : writeln;
    int[] arr = [1, 3, 4];
    int i = 0;
    foreach_reverse (ref el; arr)
    {
        el += i++; // 4 is incremented by 0, 3 by 1, and 1 by 2
    }
    writeln(arr); // [3, 4, 4]
}

Break, continue & labels

void main()
{
    import std.stdio : writeln;
    int[] arr = [1, 3, 4, 5];
    foreach (i, el; arr)
    {
        if (i == 0)
            continue; // continue with the next iteration
        arr[i] *= 2;
        if (i == 2)
            break; // stop the loop iteration
    }
    writeln(arr); // [1, 6, 8, 5]
}

Labels can also be used to break or continue within nested loops.

void main()
{
    import std.stdio : writeln;
    int[] arr = [1, 3, 4];
    outer: foreach (j; 0..10) // iterates with j=0 and j=1
        foreach (i, el; arr)
        {
            arr[i] *= 2;
            if (j == 1)
                break outer; // stop the loop iteration
    }
    writeln(arr); // [4, 6, 8] (only 1 reaches the second iteration)
}