Bitwise Operators

Introduction#

Bitwise operations alter binary strings at the bit level. These operations are incredibly basic and are directly supported by the processor. These few operations are necessary in working with device drivers, low-level graphics, cryptography, and network communications. This section provides useful knowledge and examples of Python’s bitwise operators.

Syntax#

• x << y # Bitwise Left Shift

• x >> y # Bitwise Right Shift

• x & y # Bitwise AND

• x | y # Bitwise OR

• ~ x # Bitwise NOT

• x ^ y # Bitwise XOR

Bitwise AND

The & operator will perform a binary AND, where a bit is copied if it exists in both operands. That means:

# 0 & 0 = 0
# 0 & 1 = 0
# 1 & 0 = 0
# 1 & 1 = 1

# 60 = 0b111100
# 30 = 0b011110
60 & 30
# Out: 28
# 28 = 0b11100

bin(60 & 30)
# Out: 0b11100

Bitwise OR

The | operator will perform a binary “or,” where a bit is copied if it exists in either operand. That means:

# 0 | 0 = 0
# 0 | 1 = 1 
# 1 | 0 = 1
# 1 | 1 = 1

# 60 = 0b111100 
# 30 = 0b011110
60 | 30
# Out: 62
# 62 = 0b111110

bin(60 | 30)
# Out: 0b111110

Bitwise XOR (Exclusive OR)

The ^ operator will perform a binary XOR in which a binary 1 is copied if and only if it is the value of exactly one operand. Another way of stating this is that the result is 1 only if the operands are different. Examples include:

# 0 ^ 0 = 0
# 0 ^ 1 = 1
# 1 ^ 0 = 1
# 1 ^ 1 = 0

# 60 = 0b111100
# 30 = 0b011110
60 ^ 30
# Out: 34
# 34 = 0b100010

bin(60 ^ 30)
# Out: 0b100010

Bitwise Left Shift

The << operator will perform a bitwise “left shift,” where the left operand’s value is moved left by the number of bits given by the right operand.

# 2 = 0b10
2 << 2
# Out: 8
# 8 = 0b1000

bin(2 << 2)
# Out: 0b1000

Performing a left bit shift of 1 is equivalent to multiplication by 2:

7 << 1
# Out: 14

Performing a left bit shift of n is equivalent to multiplication by 2**n:

3 << 4
# Out: 48

Bitwise Right Shift

The >> operator will perform a bitwise “right shift,” where the left operand’s value is moved right by the number of bits given by the right operand.

# 8 = 0b1000
8 >> 2
# Out: 2
# 2 = 0b10

bin(8 >> 2)
# Out: 0b10

Performing a right bit shift of 1 is equivalent to integer division by 2:

36 >> 1
# Out: 18

15 >> 1
# Out: 7

Performing a right bit shift of n is equivalent to integer division by 2**n:

48 >> 4
# Out: 3

59 >> 3
# Out: 7

Bitwise NOT

The ~ operator will flip all of the bits in the number. Since computers use signed number representations — most notably, the two’s complement notation to encode negative binary numbers where negative numbers are written with a leading one (1) instead of a leading zero (0).

This means that if you were using 8 bits to represent your two’s-complement numbers, you would treat patterns from 0000 0000 to 0111 1111 to represent numbers from 0 to 127 and reserve 1xxx xxxx to represent negative numbers.

Eight-bit two’s-complement numbers

In essence, this means that whereas 1010 0110 has an unsigned value of 166 (arrived at by adding (128 * 1) + (64 * 0) + (32 * 1) + (16 * 0) + (8 * 0) + (4 * 1) + (2 * 1) + (1 * 0)), it has a two’s-complement value of -90 (arrived at by adding (128 * 1) - (64 * 0) - (32 * 1) - (16 * 0) - (8 * 0) - (4 * 1) - (2 * 1) - (1 * 0), and complementing the value).

In this way, negative numbers range down to -128 (1000 0000). Zero (0) is represented as 0000 0000, and minus one (-1) as 1111 1111.

In general, though, this means ~n = -n - 1.

# 0 = 0b0000 0000
~0
# Out: -1
# -1 = 0b1111 1111
    
# 1 = 0b0000 0001
~1
# Out: -2
# -2 = 1111 1110

# 2 = 0b0000 0010
~2
# Out: -3
# -3 = 0b1111 1101

# 123 = 0b0111 1011
~123
# Out: -124
# -124 = 0b1000 0100

Note, the overall effect of this operation when applied to positive numbers can be summarized:

~n -> -|n+1|

And then, when applied to negative numbers, the corresponding effect is:

~-n -> |n-1|

The following examples illustrate this last rule…

# -0 = 0b0000 0000
~-0
# Out: -1 
# -1 = 0b1111 1111
# 0 is the obvious exception to this rule, as -0 == 0 always
    
# -1 = 0b1000 0001
~-1
# Out: 0
# 0 = 0b0000 0000

# -2 = 0b1111 1110
~-2
# Out: 1
# 1 = 0b0000 0001

# -123 = 0b1111 1011
~-123
# Out: 122
# 122 = 0b0111 1010

Inplace Operations

All of the Bitwise operators (except ~) have their own in place versions

a = 0b001
a &= 0b010 
# a = 0b000

a = 0b001
a |= 0b010 
# a = 0b011

a = 0b001
a <<= 2 
# a = 0b100

a = 0b100
a >>= 2 
# a = 0b001

a = 0b101
a ^= 0b011 
# a = 0b110