List<string> trees = new List<string>{ "Oak", "Birch", "Beech", "Elm", "Hazel", "Maple" };

// Select all trees with name of length 3
var shortTrees = trees.Where(tree => tree.Length == 3); // Oak, Elm

var shortTrees = from tree in trees
                 where tree.Length == 3
                 select tree; // Oak, Elm

List<String> trees = new List<String>{ "Oak", "Birch", "Beech", "Elm", "Hazel", "Maple" };

//The below select stament transforms each element in tree into its first character.
IEnumerable<String> initials = trees.Select(tree => tree.Substring(0, 1));
foreach (String initial in initials) {
    System.Console.WriteLine(initial);
}

initials = from tree in trees
           select tree.Substring(0, 1);

public static IEnumerable<TResult> Select<TSource, TResult>(
    this IEnumerable<TSource> source,
    Func<TSource, TResult> selector
)

public static IEnumerable<TSource> Where<TSource>(
    this IEnumerable<TSource> source,
    Func<TSource, int, bool> predicate
)

public static IOrderedEnumerable<TSource> OrderBy<TSource, TKey>(
    this IEnumerable<TSource> source,
    Func<TSource, TKey> keySelector
)

var someNumbers = { 4, 3, 2, 1 };

var processed = someNumbers
        .Select(n => n * 2)   // Multiply each number by 2
        .Where(n => n != 6)   // Keep all the results, except for 6
        .OrderBy(n => n);     // Sort in ascending order

// Generate a collection containing the numbers 1-100 ([1, 2, 3, ..., 98, 99, 100])
var range = Enumerable.Range(1,100);

// Generate a collection containing "a", three times (["a","a","a"])
var repeatedValues = Enumerable.Repeat("a", 3);

var values = new [] { 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 };

var skipTwo        = values.Skip(2);         // { 3, 2, 1 }
var takeThree      = values.Take(3);         // { 5, 4, 3 }
var skipOneTakeTwo = values.Skip(1).Take(2); // { 4, 3 }
var takeZero       = values.Take(0);         // An IEnumerable<int> with 0 items

IEnumerable<T> GetPage<T>(IEnumerable<T> collection, int pageNumber, int resultsPerPage) {
    int startIndex = (pageNumber - 1) * resultsPerPage;
    return collection.Skip(startIndex).Take(resultsPerPage);
}

// Returns "a":
new[] { "a" }.First();

// Returns "a":
new[] { "a", "b" }.First();

// Returns "b":
new[] { "a", "b" }.First(x => x.Equals("b"));

// Returns "ba":
new[] { "ba", "be" }.First(x => x.Contains("b"));

// Throws InvalidOperationException:
new[] { "ca", "ce" }.First(x => x.Contains("b"));

// Throws InvalidOperationException:
new string[0].First();

// Returns "a":
new[] { "a" }.FirstOrDefault();

// Returns "a":
new[] { "a", "b" }.FirstOrDefault();

// Returns "b":
new[] { "a", "b" }.FirstOrDefault(x => x.Equals("b"));

// Returns "ba":
new[] { "ba", "be" }.FirstOrDefault(x => x.Contains("b"));

// Returns null:
new[] { "ca", "ce" }.FirstOrDefault(x => x.Contains("b"));

// Returns null:
new string[0].FirstOrDefault();

// Returns "a":
new[] { "a" }.Last();

// Returns "b":
new[] { "a", "b" }.Last();

// Returns "a":
new[] { "a", "b" }.Last(x => x.Equals("a"));

// Returns "be":
new[] { "ba", "be" }.Last(x => x.Contains("b"));

// Throws InvalidOperationException:
new[] { "ca", "ce" }.Last(x => x.Contains("b"));

// Throws InvalidOperationException:
new string[0].Last(); 

// Returns "a":
new[] { "a" }.LastOrDefault();

// Returns "b":
new[] { "a", "b" }.LastOrDefault();

// Returns "a":
new[] { "a", "b" }.LastOrDefault(x => x.Equals("a"));

 // Returns "be":
new[] { "ba", "be" }.LastOrDefault(x => x.Contains("b"));

// Returns null:
new[] { "ca", "ce" }.LastOrDefault(x => x.Contains("b")); 

// Returns null:
new string[0].LastOrDefault();

// Returns "a":
new[] { "a" }.Single();

// Throws InvalidOperationException because sequence contains more than one element:
new[] { "a", "b" }.Single();

// Returns "b":
new[] { "a", "b" }.Single(x => x.Equals("b"));

// Throws InvalidOperationException:
new[] { "a", "b" }.Single(x => x.Equals("c"));

// Throws InvalidOperationException:
new string[0].Single(); 

// Throws InvalidOperationException because sequence contains more than one element:
new[] { "a", "a" }.Single();

// Returns "a":
new[] { "a" }.SingleOrDefault();

// returns "a"
new[] { "a", "b" }.SingleOrDefault(x => x == "a"); 

// Returns null:
new[] { "a", "b" }.SingleOrDefault(x => x == "c");

// Throws InvalidOperationException:
new[] { "a", "a" }.SingleOrDefault(x => x == "a");

// Throws InvalidOperationException:
new[] { "a", "b" }.SingleOrDefault();

// Returns null:
new string[0].SingleOrDefault();

int[] first = { 1, 2, 3, 4 };
int[] second = { 0, 2, 3, 5 };

IEnumerable<int> inFirstButNotInSecond = first.Except(second);
// inFirstButNotInSecond = { 1, 4 }

int[] third = { 1, 1, 1, 2, 3, 4 };

IEnumerable<int> inThirdButNotInSecond = third.Except(second);
// inThirdButNotInSecond = { 1, 4 }

class Holiday : IEquatable<Holiday>
{
    public string Name { get; set; }

    public bool Equals(Holiday other)
    {
        return Name == other.Name;
    }

    // GetHashCode must return true whenever Equals returns true.
    public override int GetHashCode()
    {
        //Get hash code for the Name field if it is not null.
        return Name?.GetHashCode() ?? 0;
    }
}

public class Program
{
    public static void Main()
    {
        List<Holiday> holidayDifference = new List<Holiday>();

        List<Holiday> remoteHolidays = new List<Holiday>
        {
            new Holiday { Name = "Xmas" },
            new Holiday { Name = "Hanukkah" },
            new Holiday { Name = "Ramadan" }
        };

        List<Holiday> localHolidays = new List<Holiday>
        {
            new Holiday { Name = "Xmas" },
            new Holiday { Name = "Ramadan" }
        };

        holidayDifference = remoteHolidays
            .Except(localHolidays)
            .ToList();

        holidayDifference.ForEach(x => Console.WriteLine(x.Name));
    }
}

var sequenceOfSequences = new [] { new [] { 1, 2, 3 }, new [] { 4, 5 }, new [] { 6 } };
var sequence = sequenceOfSequences.SelectMany(x => x);
// returns { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 }

var sequence = from subSequence in sequenceOfSequences
               from item in subSequence
               select item;

public class BlogPost
{
    public int Id { get; set; }
    public string Content { get; set; }
    public List<Comment> Comments { get; set; }
}

public class Comment
{
    public int Id { get; set; }
    public string Content { get; set; }
}

List<BlogPost> posts = new List<BlogPost>()
{
    new BlogPost()
    {
        Id = 1,
        Comments = new List<Comment>()
        {
            new Comment()
            {
                Id = 1,
                Content = "It's really great!",
            },
            new Comment()
            {
                Id = 2,
                Content = "Cool post!"
            }
        }
    },
    new BlogPost()
    {
        Id = 2,
        Comments = new List<Comment>()
        {
            new Comment()
            {
                Id = 3,
                Content = "I don't think you're right",
            },
            new Comment()
            {
                Id = 4,
                Content = "This post is a complete nonsense"
            }
        }
    }
};

var commentsWithIds = posts.SelectMany(p => p.Comments, (post, comment) => new { PostId = post.Id, CommentContent = comment.Content });

{
    PostId = 1,
    CommentContent = "It's really great!"
},
{
    PostId = 1,
    CommentContent = "Cool post!"
},
{
    PostId = 2,
    CommentContent = "I don't think you're right"
},
{
    PostId = 2,
    CommentContent = "This post is a complete nonsense"
}

var words = new [] { "a,b,c", "d,e", "f" };
var splitAndCombine = words.SelectMany(x => x.Split(','));
// returns { "a", "b", "c", "d", "e", "f" }

class School
{
    public Student[] Students { get; set; }
}

class Student 
{
    public string Name { get; set; }
}    
  
var schools = new [] {
    new School(){ Students = new [] { new Student { Name="Bob"}, new Student { Name="Jack"} }},
    new School(){ Students = new [] { new Student { Name="Jim"}, new Student { Name="John"} }}
};
               
var allStudents = schools.SelectMany(s=> s.Students);
             
foreach(var student in allStudents)
{
    Console.WriteLine(student.Name);
}

John

var numbers = new List<int>(){ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5};
bool result = numbers.All(i => i < 10); // true
bool result = numbers.All(i => i >= 3); // false

var numbers = new List<int>();
bool result = numbers.All(i => i >= 0); // true

interface IFoo { }
class Foo : IFoo { }
class Bar : IFoo { }

var item0 = new Foo();
var item1 = new Foo();
var item2 = new Bar();
var item3 = new Bar();
var collection = new IFoo[] { item0, item1, item2, item3 };

var foos = collection.OfType<Foo>(); // result: IEnumerable<Foo> with item0 and item1
var bars = collection.OfType<Bar>(); // result: IEnumerable<Bar> item item2 and item3
var foosAndBars = collection.OfType<IFoo>(); // result: IEnumerable<IFoo> with all four items

var foos = collection.Where(item => item is Foo); // result: IEnumerable<IFoo> with item0 and item1
var bars = collection.Where(item => item is Bar); // result: IEnumerable<IFoo> with item2 and item3

var bars = collection.Cast<Bar>();                // throws InvalidCastException on the 1st item
var foos = collection.Cast<Foo>();                // throws InvalidCastException on the 3rd item
var foosAndBars = collection.Cast<IFoo>();        // OK 

int[] numbers1 = { 1, 2, 3 };
int[] numbers2 = { 2, 3, 4, 5 };

var allElement = numbers1.Union(numbers2);   // AllElement now contains 1,2,3,4,5

var first = new List<string>(){ "a","b","c"}; // Left data
var second = new List<string>(){ "a", "c", "d"}; // Right data

var result = from f in first
             join s in second on f equals s
             select new { f, s };

var result = first.Join(second, 
                        f => f, 
                        s => s,
                        (f, s) => new { f, s });

// Result: {"a","a"}
//         {"c","c"}

var leftOuterJoin = from f in first
                    join s in second on f equals s into temp
                    from t in temp.DefaultIfEmpty()
                    select new { First = f, Second = t};

// Or can also do:
var leftOuterJoin = from f in first
                    from s in second.Where(x => x == f).DefaultIfEmpty()
                    select new { First = f, Second = s};

// Result: {"a","a"}
//         {"b", null}  
//         {"c","c"}  


// Left outer join method syntax
var leftOuterJoinFluentSyntax = first.GroupJoin(second,
                                      f => f,
                                      s => s,
                                      (f, s) => new { First = f, Second = s })
                                   .SelectMany(temp => temp.Second.DefaultIfEmpty(),
                                      (f, s) => new { First = f.First, Second = s });

var rightOuterJoin = from s in second
                     join f in first on s equals f into temp
                     from t in temp.DefaultIfEmpty()
                     select new {First=t,Second=s};

// Result: {"a","a"}
//         {"c","c"}  
//         {null,"d"}  

var CrossJoin = from f in first
                from s in second
                select new { f, s };

// Result: {"a","a"}
//         {"a","c"}  
//         {"a","d"}  
//         {"b","a"}
//         {"b","c"}  
//         {"b","d"}  
//         {"c","a"}
//         {"c","c"}  
//         {"c","d"}

var fullOuterjoin = leftOuterJoin.Union(rightOuterJoin);

// Result: {"a","a"}
//         {"b", null}  
//         {"c","c"}  
//         {null,"d"}

public class Region 
{
    public Int32 ID;
    public string RegionDescription;
    
    public Region(Int32 pRegionID, string pRegionDescription=null)
    {
        ID = pRegionID; RegionDescription = pRegionDescription;
    }
}

// Left data
var first = new List<Region>() 
                 { new Region(1), new Region(3), new Region(4) }; 
// Right data
var second = new List<Region>() 
                 { 
                    new Region(1, "Eastern"),  new Region(2, "Western"),
                    new Region(3, "Northern"), new Region(4, "Southern")
                 }; 

// do the inner join
var result = from f in first
             join s in second on f.ID equals s.ID
             select new { f.ID, s.RegionDescription };


 // Result: {1,"Eastern"}
 //         {3, Northern}  
 //         {4,"Southern"}  

int[] array = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 2, 5, 3, 1, 2 };

var distinct = array.Distinct();
// distinct = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 }

class SSNEqualityComparer : IEqualityComparer<Person> {
    public bool Equals(Person a, Person b) => return a.SSN == b.SSN;
    public int GetHashCode(Person p) => p.SSN;
}

List<Person> people;

distinct = people.Distinct(SSNEqualityComparer);

public class Film {
    public string Title { get; set; }
    public string Category { get; set; }
    public int Year { get; set; }
}

foreach (var grp in films.GroupBy(f => f.Category)) {
    var groupCategory = grp.Key;
    var numberOfFilmsInCategory = grp.Count();
}

foreach (var grp in films.GroupBy(f => new { Category = f.Category, Year = f.Year })) {
    var groupCategory = grp.Key.Category;
    var groupYear = grp.Key.Year;
    var numberOfFilmsInCategory = grp.Count();
}

var asciiCharacters = new List<char>();
for (var x = 0; x < 256; x++)
{
    asciiCharacters.Add((char)x);
}

var asciiCharacters = Enumerable.Range(0, 256).Select(a => (char) a);

var evenNumbers = Enumerable.Range(1, 100).Where(a => a % 2 == 0);

string[] names= { "mark", "steve", "adam" };

var sortedNames =
    from name in names
    orderby name
    select name;

var sortedNames = names.OrderBy(name => name);

var sortedNames =
    from name in names
    orderby name descending
    select name;

var sortedNames = names.OrderByDescending(name => name);

Person[] people =
{
    new Person { FirstName = "Steve", LastName = "Collins", Age = 30},
    new Person { FirstName = "Phil" , LastName = "Collins", Age = 28},
    new Person { FirstName = "Adam" , LastName = "Ackerman", Age = 29},
    new Person { FirstName = "Adam" , LastName = "Ackerman", Age = 15}
};

var sortedPeople = from person in people
                   orderby person.LastName, person.FirstName, person.Age descending
                   select person;

 sortedPeople = people.OrderBy(person => person.LastName)
                      .ThenBy(person => person.FirstName)
                      .ThenByDescending(person => person.Age);

1. Adam Ackerman 29
2. Adam Ackerman 15
3. Phil Collins  28
4. Steve Collins 30

var classroom = new Classroom
{
    new Student { Name = "Alice", Grade = 97, HasSnack = true  },
    new Student { Name = "Bob",   Grade = 82, HasSnack = false },
    new Student { Name = "Jimmy", Grade = 71, HasSnack = true  },
    new Student { Name = "Greg",  Grade = 90, HasSnack = false },
    new Student { Name = "Joe",   Grade = 59, HasSnack = false }
}

var studentsWithSnacks = from s in classroom.Students
                         where s.HasSnack
                         select s;

var topStudentNames = from s in classroom.Students
                      where s.Grade >= 90
                      select s.Name;

var topStudentNames = classroom.Students
                               .Where(s => s.Grade >= 90)
                               .Select(s => s.Name);
                                    

List<int> iList = new List<int>() { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 };
var grouped = iList.GroupBy(x => x % 2 == 0);

//Groups iList into odd [13579] and even[2468] items 
       
foreach(var group in grouped)
{
    foreach (int item in group)
    {
        Console.Write(item); // 135792468  (first odd then even)
    }
}

public class Person
{
    public int Age {get; set;}
    public string Name {get; set;}
}

List<Person> people = new List<Person>();
people.Add(new Person{Age = 20, Name = "Mouse"});
people.Add(new Person{Age = 30, Name = "Neo"});
people.Add(new Person{Age = 40, Name = "Morpheus"});
people.Add(new Person{Age = 30, Name = "Trinity"});
people.Add(new Person{Age = 40, Name = "Dozer"});
people.Add(new Person{Age = 40, Name = "Smith"});

var query = people.GroupBy(x => x.Age);

foreach(var result in query)
{
    Console.WriteLine(result.Key);
                
    foreach(var person in result)
        Console.WriteLine(person.Name);
}

20
Mouse
30
Neo
Trinity
40
Morpheus
Dozer
Smith

var numbers = new List<int>();
bool result = numbers.Any(); // false

var numbers = new List<int>(){ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5};
bool result = numbers.Any(); //true

var arrayOfStrings = new string[] { "a", "b", "c" };
arrayOfStrings.Any(item => item == "a");    // true
arrayOfStrings.Any(item => item == "d");    // false

var numbers = new List<int>();
bool result = numbers.Any(i => i >= 0); // false

IEnumerable<User> users = GetUsers();
Dictionary<int, User> usersById = users.ToDictionary(x => x.Id);

Dictionary<int, User> usersById = new Dictionary<int User>();
foreach (User u in users) 
{
  usersById.Add(u.Id, u);
}

IEnumerable<User> users = GetUsers();
Dictionary<int, string> userNamesById = users.ToDictionary(x => x.Id, x => x.Name);

IEnumerable<User> users = GetUsers();
Dictionary<string, User> usersByCaseInsenstiveName = users.ToDictionary(x => x.Name, StringComparer.InvariantCultureIgnoreCase);

var user1 = usersByCaseInsenstiveName["john"];
var user2 = usersByCaseInsenstiveName["JOHN"];
user1 == user2; // Returns true

int[] intList = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 };
int sum = intList.Aggregate((prevSum, current) => prevSum + current);
// sum = 55

List<int> items = new List<int> { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 };

var result = items.Aggregate(new { Total = 0, Even = 0, FourthItems = new List<int>() },
                (accumelative,item) =>
                new {
                    Total = accumelative.Total + 1,
                    Even = accumelative.Even + (item % 2 == 0 ? 1 : 0),
                    FourthItems = (accumelative.Total + 1)%4 == 0 ? 
                        new List<int>(accumelative.FourthItems) { item } : 
                        accumelative.FourthItems 
                });
// Result:
// Total = 12
// Even = 6
// FourthItems = [4, 8, 12]

 int[] numbers = { 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 };

 var aboveAverages = from number in numbers
                     let average = numbers.Average()
                     let nSquared = Math.Pow(number,2)
                     where nSquared > average
                     select number;

 Console.WriteLine("The average of the numbers is {0}.", numbers.Average());

 foreach (int n in aboveAverages)
 {
   Console.WriteLine("Query result includes number {0} with square of {1}.", n, Math.Pow(n,2));
 }

int[] list = { 42, 42, 6, 6, 6, 42 };
var result = list.SkipWhile(i => i == 42); 
// Result: 6, 6, 6, 42

var chars = new List<string>() { "a", "b", "c", "d" };

chars.DefaultIfEmpty("N/A").FirstOrDefault(); // returns "a";

chars.Where(str => str.Length > 1)
     .DefaultIfEmpty("N/A").FirstOrDefault(); // return "N/A"

chars.Where(str => str.Length > 1)
        .DefaultIfEmpty().First(); // returns null;

var leftSequence = new List<int>() { 99, 100, 5, 20, 102, 105 };
var rightSequence = new List<char>() { 'a', 'b', 'c', 'i', 'd' };

var numbersAsChars = from l in leftSequence
                     join r in rightSequence
                     on l equals (int)r into leftJoin
                     from result in leftJoin.DefaultIfEmpty('?')
                     select new
                     {
                         Number = l,
                         Character = result
                     };

foreach(var item in numbersAsChars)
{
    Console.WriteLine("Num = {0} ** Char = {1}", item.Number, item.Character);
}

ouput: 

Num = 99         Char = c
Num = 100        Char = d
Num = 5          Char = ?
Num = 20         Char = ?
Num = 102        Char = ?
Num = 105        Char = i

var leftSequence = new List<int> { 1, 2, 5 };
var rightSequence = new List<dynamic>()
    {
        new { Value = 1 },
        new { Value = 2 },
        new { Value = 3 },
        new { Value = 4 },
    };

var numbersAsChars = (from l in leftSequence
                        join r in rightSequence
                        on l equals r.Value into leftJoin
                        from result in leftJoin.DefaultIfEmpty()
                        select new
                        {
                            Left = l,
                            // 5 will not have a matching object in the right so result 
                            // will be equal to null. 
                            // To avoid an error use:
                            //    -  C# 6.0 or above - ?. 
                            //    -  Under           - result == null ? 0 : result.Value
                            Right = result?.Value
                        }).ToList();

int[] a = new int[] {1, 2, 3};
int[] b = new int[] {1, 2, 3};
int[] c = new int[] {1, 3, 2};

bool returnsTrue = a.SequenceEqual(b);
bool returnsFalse = a.SequenceEqual(c);

int[] array = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 2, 5, 3, 1, 2 };

int n = array.Count(); // returns the number of elements in the array
int x = array.Count(i => i > 2); // returns the number of elements in the array greater than 2

int[] array = GetLargeArray();

long n = array.LongCount(); // returns the number of elements in the array
long x = array.LongCount(i => i > 100); // returns the number of elements in the array greater than 100

IEnumerable<VehicleModel> BuildQuery(int vehicleType, SearchModel search, int start = 1, int count = -1) {
    IEnumerable<VehicleModel> query = _entities.Vehicles
        .Where(x => x.Active && x.Type == vehicleType)
        .Select(x => new VehicleModel {
            Id = v.Id,
            Year = v.Year,
            Class = v.Class,
            Make = v.Make,
            Model = v.Model,
            Cylinders = v.Cylinders ?? 0
        });

    if (!search.Years.Contains("all", StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
        query = query.Where(v => search.Years.Contains(v.Year));

    if (!search.Makes.Contains("all", StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase)) {
        query = query.Where(v => search.Makes.Contains(v.Make));
    }

    if (!search.Models.Contains("all", StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase)) {
        query = query.Where(v => search.Models.Contains(v.Model));
    }

    if (!search.Cylinders.Equals("all", StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase)) {
        decimal minCylinders = 0;
        decimal maxCylinders = 0;
        switch (search.Cylinders) {
            case "2-4":
                maxCylinders = 4;
                break;
            case "5-6":
                minCylinders = 5;
                maxCylinders = 6;
                break;
            case "8":
                minCylinders = 8;
                maxCylinders = 8;
                break;
            case "10+":
                minCylinders = 10;
                break;
        }
        if (minCylinders > 0) {
            query = query.Where(v => v.Cylinders >= minCylinders);
        }
        if (maxCylinders > 0) {
            query = query.Where(v => v.Cylinders <= maxCylinders);
        }
    }

    switch (search.SortingColumn.ToLower()) {
        case "make_model":
            query = query.OrderBy(v => v.Make).ThenBy(v => v.Model);
            break;
        case "year":
            query = query.OrderBy(v => v.Year);
            break;
        case "engine_size":
            query = query.OrderBy(v => v.EngineSize).ThenBy(v => v.Cylinders);
            break;
        default:
            query = query.OrderBy(v => v.Year); //The default sorting.
    }
    

    query = query.Skip(start - 1);
    

    if (count > -1) {
        query = query.Take(count);
    }
    return query;
}

SearchModel sm;

// populate the search model here
// ...

List<VehicleModel> list = BuildQuery(5, sm).ToList();

int[] numbers = { 3, 5, 7 };
string[] words = { "three", "five", "seven", "ignored" };
IEnumerable<string> zip = numbers.Zip(words, (n, w) => n + "=" + w);

Customer[] customers = Customers.ToArray();
Purchase[] purchases = Purchases.ToArray();

var groupJoinQuery =
    from c in customers
    join p in purchases on c.ID equals p.CustomerID
    into custPurchases
    select new
    {
        CustName = c.Name,
        custPurchases
    };

int[] numbers  = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 };
numbers.ElementAt(2);  // 3
numbers.ElementAt(10); // throws ArgumentOutOfRangeException

int[] numbers  = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 };
numbers.ElementAtOrDefault(2);  // 3
numbers.ElementAtOrDefault(10); // 0 = default(int)

int[] array = { 10, 20, 30 }; 
   
// Are all elements >= 10? YES
array.All(element => element >= 10); 
   
// Are all elements >= 20? NO
array.All(element => element >= 20);
    
// Are all elements < 40? YES
array.All(element => element < 40);

int[] query=new int[] { 2, 3, 4 }
query.Any (n => n == 3);

//for int array
int[] query =new int[] { 1,2,3 };
query.Contains(1);

//for string array
string[] query={"Tom","grey"};
query.Contains("Tom");

//for a string
var stringValue="hello";
stringValue.Contains("h");

public class Customer
{
   public string Id { get; set } // A unique Id that identifies customer    
   public string Name  {get; set; }
}

public class Purchase
{
   public string Id { get; set }
   public string CustomerId {get; set; }
   public string Description { get; set; }
}

public class PurchaseItem
{
   public string Id { get; set }
   public string PurchaseId {get; set; }
   public string Detail { get; set; }
}

var customers = new List<Customer>()             
 {
    new Customer() {
        Id = Guid.NewGuid().ToString(),
        Name = "Customer1"            
    },
            
    new Customer() {
        Id = Guid.NewGuid().ToString(),
        Name = "Customer2"            
    }
 };        
    
 var purchases = new List<Purchase>() 
 {
     new Purchase() {                
         Id = Guid.NewGuid().ToString(),
         CustomerId = customers[0].Id,
         Description = "Customer1-Purchase1"            
     },

     new Purchase() {
         Id = Guid.NewGuid().ToString(),
         CustomerId = customers[0].Id,
         Description = "Customer1-Purchase2"            
     },
     
     new Purchase() {
         Id = Guid.NewGuid().ToString(),
         CustomerId = customers[1].Id,
         Description = "Customer2-Purchase1"            
     },

     new Purchase() {
         Id = Guid.NewGuid().ToString(),
         CustomerId = customers[1].Id,
         Description = "Customer2-Purchase2"            
     }
  };
    
 var purchaseItems = new List<PurchaseItem>() 
 {
     new PurchaseItem() {                
         Id = Guid.NewGuid().ToString(),
         PurchaseId= purchases[0].Id,
         Detail = "Purchase1-PurchaseItem1"            
     },

     new PurchaseItem() {                
         Id = Guid.NewGuid().ToString(),
         PurchaseId= purchases[1].Id,
         Detail = "Purchase2-PurchaseItem1"            
     },
     
     new PurchaseItem() {                
         Id = Guid.NewGuid().ToString(),
         PurchaseId= purchases[1].Id,
         Detail = "Purchase2-PurchaseItem2"            
     },

     new PurchaseItem() {                
         Id = Guid.NewGuid().ToString(),
         PurchaseId= purchases[3].Id,
         Detail = "Purchase3-PurchaseItem1"
     }
 };

var result = from c in customers
            join p in purchases on c.Id equals p.CustomerId           // first join
            join pi in purchaseItems on p.Id equals pi.PurchaseId     // second join
            select new
            {
               c.Name, p.Description, pi.Detail
            };

foreach(var resultItem in result)
{
    Console.WriteLine($"{resultItem.Name}, {resultItem.Description}, {resultItem.Detail}");
}
    

  PropertyInfo[] stringProps = typeof (string).GetProperties();//string properties
  PropertyInfo[] builderProps = typeof(StringBuilder).GetProperties();//stringbuilder properties
    
    var query =
        from s in stringProps
        join b in builderProps
            on new { s.Name, s.PropertyType } equals new { b.Name, b.PropertyType }
        select new
        {
            s.Name,
            s.PropertyType,
            StringToken = s.MetadataToken,
            StringBuilderToken = b.MetadataToken
        };

var rowNumbers = collection.OrderBy(item => item.Property1)
                           .ThenBy(item => item.Property2)
                           .ThenByDescending(item => item.Property3)
                           .Select((item, index) => new { Item = item, RowNumber = index })
                           .ToList();

var rankInGroup = collection.GroupBy(item => item.Property1)
                            .OrderBy(group => group.Key)
                            .SelectMany(group => group.OrderBy(item => item.Property2)
                                                   .ThenByDescending(item => item.Property3)
                                                   .Select((item, index) => new 
                                                   { 
                                                       Item = item, 
                                                       RankInGroup = index 
                                                   })).ToList();

var rankOfBelongingGroup = collection.GroupBy(item => item.Property1)
                            .OrderBy(group => group.Key)
                            .Select((group, index) => new
                            {
                                Items = group,
                                Rank = index
                            })
                            .SelectMany(v => v.Items, (s, i) => new
                            {
                                Item = i,
                                DenseRank = s.Rank
                            }).ToList();

public class SomeObject
{
    public int Property1 { get; set; }
    public int Property2 { get; set; }
    public int Property3 { get; set; }

    public override string ToString()
    {
        return string.Join(", ", Property1, Property2, Property3);
    }
}

List<SomeObject> collection = new List<SomeObject>
{
    new SomeObject { Property1 = 1, Property2 = 1, Property3 = 1},
    new SomeObject { Property1 = 1, Property2 = 2, Property3 = 1},
    new SomeObject { Property1 = 1, Property2 = 2, Property3 = 2},
    new SomeObject { Property1 = 2, Property2 = 1, Property3 = 1},
    new SomeObject { Property1 = 2, Property2 = 2, Property3 = 1},
    new SomeObject { Property1 = 2, Property2 = 2, Property3 = 1},
    new SomeObject { Property1 = 2, Property2 = 3, Property3 = 1}
};

int[] list = { 1, 10, 40, 50, 44, 70, 4 };
var result = list.TakeWhile(item => item < 50).ToList();
// result = { 1, 10, 40 }

int[] numbers = new int[] { 1, 4, 6 };
Console.WriteLine( numbers.Sum() ); //outputs 11

var totalMonthlySalary = employees.Sum( employee => employee.MonthlySalary );

int?[] numbers = new int?[] { 1, null, 6 };
Console.WriteLine( numbers.Sum( number => number ?? 0 ) ); //outputs 7

string[] array = { "one", "two", "three" };
//create lookup using string length as key
var lookup = array.ToLookup(item => item.Length);

//join the values whose lengths are 3
Console.WriteLine(string.Join(",",lookup[3]));
//output: one,two

int[] array = { 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 };
//generate lookup for odd even numbers (keys will be 0 and 1)
var lookup = array.ToLookup(item => item % 2);

//print even numbers after joining
Console.WriteLine(string.Join(",",lookup[0]));
//output: 2,4,6,8

//print odd numbers after joining
Console.WriteLine(string.Join(",",lookup[1]));
//output: 1,3,5,7

public namespace MyNamespace
{
    public static class LinqExtensions
    {
        public static IEnumerable<List<T>> Batch<T>(this IEnumerable<T> source, int batchSize)
        {
            var batch = new List<T>();
            foreach (T item in source)
            {
                batch.Add(item);
                if (batch.Count == batchSize)
                {
                    yield return batch;
                    batch = new List<T>();
                }
            }
            if (batch.Count > 0)
                yield return batch;
        }
    }
}

//using MyNamespace;
var items = new List<int> { 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 };
foreach (List<int> sublist in items.Batch(3))
{
    // do something
}

//using MyNamespace;
var result = Enumerable.Range(0, 13)         // generate a list
                       .Where(x => x%2 == 0) // filter the list or do something other
                       .Batch(3)             // call our extension method
                       .ToList()             // call other standard methods

var list1 = new List<string> { "a", "b", "c" };
var list2 = new List<string> { "1", "2", "3", "4" };

var result = new List<string>();
foreach (var s1 in list1)
    foreach (var s2 in list2)
        result.Add($"{s1}{s2}");

var result = list1.SelectMany(x => list2.Select(y => $"{x}{y}", x, y)).ToList();

if (myEnumerable.Any(t=>t.Foo == "Bob"))
{
    var myFoo = myEnumerable.First(t=>t.Foo == "Bob");
    //Do stuff
}

var myFoo = myEnumerable.FirstOrDefault(t=>t.Foo == "Bob");
if (myFoo != null)
{
    //Do stuff
}

public class Transaction
{
    public string Category { get; set; }
    public DateTime Date { get; set; }
    public decimal Amount { get; set; }
}

var transactions = new List<Transaction>
{
   new Transaction { Category = "Saving Account", Amount = 56, Date = DateTime.Today.AddDays(1) },
   new Transaction { Category = "Saving Account", Amount = 10, Date = DateTime.Today.AddDays(-10) },
   new Transaction { Category = "Credit Card", Amount = 15, Date = DateTime.Today.AddDays(1) },
   new Transaction { Category = "Credit Card", Amount = 56, Date = DateTime.Today },
   new Transaction { Category = "Current Account", Amount = 100, Date = DateTime.Today.AddDays(5) },
};

var summaryApproach1 = transactions.GroupBy(t => t.Category)
                           .Select(t => new
                           {
                               Category = t.Key,
                               Count = t.Count(),
                               Amount = t.Sum(ta => ta.Amount),
                           }).ToList();

Console.WriteLine("-- Summary: Approach 1 --");
summaryApproach1.ForEach(
            row => Console.WriteLine($"Category: {row.Category}, Amount: {row.Amount}, Count: {row.Count}"));

var summaryApproach2 = transactions.GroupBy(t => t.Category, (key, t) =>
{
        var transactionArray = t as Transaction[] ?? t.ToArray();
        return new
        {
            Category = key,
            Count = transactionArray.Length,
            Amount = transactionArray.Sum(ta => ta.Amount),
        };
}).ToList();

Console.WriteLine("-- Summary: Approach 2 --");
summaryApproach2.ForEach(
row => Console.WriteLine($"Category: {row.Category}, Amount: {row.Amount}, Count: {row.Count}"));

// Create an array.
int[] array = { 1, 2, 3, 4 };                         //Output:
// Call reverse extension method on the array.        //4
var reverse = array.Reverse();                        //3
// Write contents of array to screen.                 //2
foreach (int value in reverse)                        //1
    Console.WriteLine(value);

        //Create List of chars
        List<int> integerlist = new List<int>() { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 };

        //Reversing the list then taking the two first elements
        IEnumerable<int> reverseFirst = integerlist.Reverse<int>().Take(2);
        
        //Taking 2 elements and then reversing only thos two
        IEnumerable<int> reverseLast = integerlist.Take(2).Reverse();
        
        //reverseFirst output: 6, 5
        //reverseLast output:  2, 1

public static IEnumerable<T> Reverse<T>(this IList<T> list) {
    for (int i = list.Count - 1; i >= 0; i--) 
        yield return list[i];
}

int[] numbers = {2, 1, 0, -1, -2};
IEnumerable<int> ascending = numbers.OrderBy(x => x);
// returns {-2, -1, 0, 1, 2}

 char[] letters = {' ', '!', '?', '[', '{', '+', '1', '9', 'a', 'A', 'b', 'B', 'y', 'Y', 'z', 'Z'};
 IEnumerable<char> ascending = letters.OrderBy(x => x);
 // returns { ' ', '!', '+', '1', '9', '?', 'A', 'B', 'Y', 'Z', '[', 'a', 'b', 'y', 'z', '{' }

class Person
{
   public string Name { get; set; }
   public int Age { get; set; }
}

var people = new[]
{
    new Person {Name = "Alice", Age = 25},
    new Person {Name = "Bob", Age = 21},
    new Person {Name = "Carol", Age = 43}
};
var youngestPerson = people.OrderBy(x => x.Age).First();
var name = youngestPerson.Name; // Bob

int[] numbers = {-2, -1, 0, 1, 2};
IEnumerable<int> descending = numbers.OrderByDescending(x => x);
// returns {2, 1, 0, -1, -2}

char[] letters = {' ', '!', '?', '[', '{', '+', '1', '9', 'a', 'A', 'b', 'B', 'y', 'Y', 'z', 'Z'};
IEnumerable<char> descending = letters.OrderByDescending(x => x);
// returns { '{', 'z', 'y', 'b', 'a', '[', 'Z', 'Y', 'B', 'A', '?', '9', '1', '+', '!', ' ' }

class Person
{
   public  string Name { get; set; }
   public  int Age { get; set; }
}

var people = new[]
{
    new Person {Name = "Alice", Age = 25},
    new Person {Name = "Bob", Age = 21},
    new Person {Name = "Carol", Age = 43}
};
var oldestPerson = people.OrderByDescending(x => x.Age).First();
var name = oldestPerson.Name; // Carol

List<int> foo = new List<int> { 1, 2, 3 };
List<int> bar = new List<int> { 3, 4, 5 };

// Through Enumerable static class
var result = Enumerable.Concat(foo, bar).ToList(); // 1,2,3,3,4,5

// Through extension method
var result = foo.Concat(bar).ToList(); // 1,2,3,3,4,5

List<int> numbers = new List<int> { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 };
var result1 = numbers.Contains(4); // true
var result2 = numbers.Contains(8); // false

List<int> secondNumberCollection = new List<int> { 4, 5, 6, 7 };
// Note that can use the Intersect method in this case
var result3 = secondNumberCollection.Where(item => numbers.Contains(item)); // will be true only for 4,5

public class Person
{
   public string Name { get; set; }
}

List<Person> objects = new List<Person>
{
    new Person { Name = "Nikki"},
    new Person { Name = "Gilad"},
    new Person { Name = "Phil"},
    new Person { Name = "John"}
};

//Using the Person's Equals method - override Equals() and GetHashCode() - otherwise it
//will compare by reference and result will be false
var result4 = objects.Contains(new Person { Name = "Phil" }); // true

public class Compare : IEqualityComparer<Person>
{
    public bool Equals(Person x, Person y)
    {
        return x.Name == y.Name;
    }
    public int GetHashCode(Person codeh)
    {
        return codeh.Name.GetHashCode();
    }
}

var result5 = objects.Contains(new Person { Name = "Phil" }, new Compare()); // true

if(status == 1 || status == 3 || status == 4)
{
    //Do some business operation
}
else
{
    //Do something else
}

if(new int[] {1, 3, 4 }.Contains(status)
{
    //Do some business operaion
}
else 
{
    //Do something else
}