Generating random numbers

Although GameplayKit (which is introduced with iOS 9 SDK) is about implementing game logic, it could also be used to generate random numbers, which is very useful in apps and games.

Beside the GKRandomSource.sharedRandom which is used in the following chapters there are three additional types of GKRandomSource’s out of the box.

• GKARC4RandomSource Which uses the the ARC4 algorithm
• GKLinearCongruentialRandomSource Which is a fast but not so random GKRandomSource
• GKMersenneTwisterRandomSource Which implements a MersenneTwister algorithm. It is slower but more random.

In the following chapter we only use the nextInt() method of a GKRandomSource. In addition to this there is the nextBool() -> Bool and the nextUniform() -> Float

Generation

First, import GameplayKit:

Swift

import GameplayKit

Objective-C

#import <GameplayKit/GameplayKit.h>

Then, to generate a random number, use this code:

Swift

let randomNumber = GKRandomSource.sharedRandom().nextInt()

Objective-C

int randomNumber = [[GKRandomSource sharedRandom] nextInt];

Note

The nextInt() function, when used without parameters, will return a random number between -2,147,483,648 and 2,147,483,647, including themselves, so we are not sure that it is always a positive or non-zero number.

Generating a number from 0 to n

To achieve this, you should give n to nextIntWithUpperBound() method:

Swift

let randomNumber = GKRandomSource.sharedRandom().nextInt(upperBound: 10)

Objective-C

int randomNumber = [[GKRandomSource sharedRandom] nextIntWithUpperBound: 10];

This code will give us a number between 0 and 10, including themselves.

Generating a number from m to n

To do this you create a GKRandomDistribution object with a GKRandomSource and pass in the bounds. A GKRandomDistribution can be used to change the distribution behaviour like GKGaussianDistribution or GKShuffledDistribution.

After that the object can be used like every regular GKRandomSource since it does implement the GKRandom protocol too.

Swift

let randomizer = GKRandomDistribution(randomSource: GKRandomSource(), lowestValue: 0, highestValue: 6)
let randomNumberInBounds = randomizer.nextInt()

Objective-C outdated

int randomNumber = [[GKRandomSource sharedRandom] nextIntWithUpperBound: n - m] + m;

For example, to generate a random number between 3 and 10, you use this code:

Swift

let randomNumber = GKRandomSource.sharedRandom().nextInt(upperBound: 7) + 3

Objective-C outdated

int randomNumber = [[GKRandomSource sharedRandom] nextIntWithUpperBound: 7] + 3;

GKEntity and GKComponent

An entity represents an object of a game like a player figure or an enemy figure. Since this object does not do much without arms and legs we can add the components to this. To create this system apple has the GKEntity and GKComponent classes.

Lets assume we have the following classe for the following chapters:

class Player: GKEntity{}
class PlayerSpriteComponent: GKComponent {}

GKEntity

An entity is a collection of components and offers several functions to add, remove and interact with components of it.

While we could just use the GKEntity it is common to Subclass it for a specific type of game entity.

It is important that it is only possible to add a component of a class once. In case you add a second component of the same class it will override the first exsisting component inside of the GKEntity

let otherComponent = PlayerSpriteComponent()
var player = Player()
player.addComponent(PlayerSpriteComponent())
player.addComponent(otherComponent)
print(player.components.count) //will print 1
print(player.components[0] === otherComponent) // will print true

You may ask why. The reason for this is the methods called component(for: T.Type) which returns the component of a specific type of the entity.

let component = player.component(ofType: PlayerSpriteComponent.self) 

In addition to the components-methods it has an update method which is used to delegate the delta time or current time of the game logic to it’s components.

var player = Player()
player.addComponent(PlayerSpriteComponent())
player.update(deltaTime: 1.0) // will call the update method of the PlayerSpriteComponent added to it

GKComponent

A component represents something of an entity for example the visual component or the logic component.

If an the update method of an entity is called it will delegate this to all of it’s components. Overriding this method is used to manipulate an Entity.

class PlayerSpriteComponent: GKComponent {
    override func update(deltaTime seconds: TimeInterval) {
        //move the sprite depending on the update time
    }
}

In addition to this it is possible to override the method didAddToEntity and willRemoveFromEntity to inform other components about it’s removal or add.

To manipulate a other component inside of a component it is possible to get the GKEntity which the component is added to.

override func update(deltaTime seconds: TimeInterval) {
    let controller = self.entity?.component(ofType: PlayerControlComponent.self)
    //call methods on the controller
}

While this is possible it is not a common pattern since it wires the two components together.

GKComponentSystem

While we just talked about using the update delegate mechanism of the GKEntity to update the GKComponents there is a different way to update GKComponents which is called GKComponentSystem.

It is used in case it is needed that all components of a specific type need to be updated in one go.

A GKComponentSystem is created for a specific type of component.

let system = GKComponentSystem(componentClass: PlayerSpriteComponent.self)

To add a component you can use the add method:

system.addComponent(PlayerSpriteComponent())

But a more common way is to pass the created entity with it’s components to the GKComponentSystem and it will find a matching component inside of the entity.

system.addComponent(foundIn: player)

To update all components of a specific type call the update:

system.update(deltaTime: delta)

In case you want to use the GKComponentSystem instead of a entity based update mechanism you have to have a GKComponentSystem for every component and call the update on all of the systems.